In spite of its popularity, Greenpeace International added the common sole to its seafood red list in 2010 to bring awareness to the unsustainable and damaging fishing practices that are used to catch this popular type of fish. 119(2):245251. 97(2):220-227. Since being added in 2010 to the seafood red list of fish sourced from unsustainable fishing practices, consumers have become increasingly aware about the potential drawbacks of this species of flatfish. Wild-caught salmon, mackerel, sardines, tuna, black cod and anchovies are all delicious alternatives that are more environmentally friendly and have minimal risk of adverse side effects on health. Whitefish is a good source of phosphorus that helps maintain bone structure and density, as well as helping bones heal. In 2013 the U.S. joined 127 nations and signed the Minamata Convention, a global treaty committing international governments to reducing mercury emissions, and became the first country to ratify the convention. Proceed To Order. Available: www.aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/183/3/169.long, [22] Jordi Julvez, et al. 2014. [12][pageneeded] Other physical and chemical properties vary widely across the class. Katrina Smith and Jane Guentzel of Coastal Carolina University identified ahi tuna, sea bass, halibut, snapper, cod and canned mackerel as species with mercury risks that outweigh omega-3 benefits. Seafood varieties commonly consumed in the United States that are higher in EPA and DHA and lower in a type of mercury, in the form of methylmercury, include salmon, anchovies, sardines, Pacific oysters, and trout. 115(10):1435-1441. 2014. To limit mercury consumption, FDA and EPA recommend that women eat no more than six ounces a week of canned albacore tuna and no shark, swordfish, tilefish or king mackerel. Science of the Total Environment,341:4552. [171], Polychlorinated biphenyls have been discovered in organisms living in the Mariana trench in the Pacific Ocean. People who eat these fish often (more than once or twice a week, depending on the fish variety) can easily be exposed to excessive methylmercury doses. 0000029465 00000 n Intentional degradation as a treatment of unwanted PCBs generally requires high heat or catalysis (see Methods of destruction below). PCB concentrations within an organism also change depending upon which trophic level they occupy. [citation needed] In eukaryotes, PCBs may be oxidized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme. Di-ortho-substituted, non-coplanar PCBs interfere with intracellular signal transduction dependent on calcium which may lead to neurotoxicity. Tuna contributed almost 40 percent of the mercury ingested by participants, based ontheir answers to the questionnaire. 0000017862 00000 n They are low in saturated fat and contain omega-3 fatty acids which are important for the development of babies central nervous systems before and after birth. [53] PCBs that have dioxin-like activity are known to cause a variety of teratogenic effects in animals. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1247476/, [6] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stay informed Subscribe to our email newsletter. In other languages, such as Greek, German, Spanish and Dutch, sole fish is named for the tongue. Most fish and shellfishand a large majority of the varieties eaten in greatest volume by Americansare quite low in mercury and pose little risk, even for people who eat them often. 0000022825 00000 n According to a CNN report, the mercury levels in sharks can cause coordination loss, blindness, and even death. Catfish is a good source of vitamin B12, which helps your body make DNA and keeps your blood cells functioning properly. Available: www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid=8964, [55] For example: Kelly Weaver, et al. 2013. Some contaminated sediment is being removed from the site and hauled away, while other sediment is pumped into a series of settling ponds. Prenatal organochlorine and methylmercury exposure and memory and learning in school-age children in communities near the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, Massachusetts. In 2005, Shewanella oneidensis biodegraded a high percentage of PCBs in soil samples. A useful brain food, pomfrets are good for eyesight and promote healthy hair and skin. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Frontiers in Genetics. Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. EWG felt the advice didnt go far enough. Everyone else should eat no more than four meals per year. This facilitates the kidney function. Consuming tuna on a regular basis is not recommended. [15], PCBs are derived from biphenyl, which has the formula C12H10, sometimes written (C6H5)2. Basa is another name for Bass. It is a myth that the first two digits referred to the number of carbon atoms; the number of carbon atoms do not change in PCBs. Most of the surface debris, including close to 13 million pounds of contaminated equipment, carcasses and tanks of contaminated oil, had to be removed. One of the most toxic compounds known, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[p]dioxin, a PCDD, is assigned a TEF of 1. 0000050500 00000 n 11:144-153. British Journal of Nutrition. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1817718/, [10] EWG. ], Animals that eat PCB-contaminated food, even for short periods of time, suffer liver damage and may die. More. DuPonts Teflon changed our lives, but also polluted our bodies. The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. Selenium and Mercury in Pelagic Fish in the Central North Pacific Near Hawaii. We will update you on new newsroom updates. Mackerel contains anti-inflammatory compounds which help in decreasing joint pain and stiffness of muscles in people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. EWG provides guidelines for choosing seafood high in omega-3 fatty acids and low in mercury. 2016. In February 2014, the City of Charlotte admitted PCBs have entered their sewage treatment centers as well. Maternal Consumption of Seafood in Pregnancy and Child Neuropsychological Development: A Longitudinal Study Based on a Population with High Consumption Levels. Its important information for good health. [170], From 1954 until 1971, the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, had PCBs deposited into it from Appleton Paper/NCR, P.H. Proofreading. However, grouper is a predatory fish, this means they relatively have higher mercury or other heavy metal content and thus should be consumed in moderation. A: Salmon has the most omega-3 content in its one serving which is 4,123 mg. Clams are one of the few rich sources of vitamin B12, essential for maintaining healthy nerve and blood cells and preventing of megaloblastic anaemia. [137], Pittsfield, in western Massachusetts, was home to the General Electric (GE) transformer, capacitor, and electrical generating equipment divisions. Webbecome pregnant. The meat of this fish is rich in manganese, zinc, vitamin C, and selenium the antioxidants that are known as major boosters of the immune system. 166(12):1123-31. A diet rich in omega-3-containing foods like bass has been shown to have several heart health benefits. Your body also needs it for proper nerve and muscle function including brain function. However DHA and EPA are only found only in fish, shellfish and some algae-derived supplements. 0000013814 00000 n Since 2010 federal agencies have recommended that all adults eat eight to 12 ounces of fish and shellfish per week. These include shark, swordfish, fresh tuna, marlin, king mackerel, tilefish from the Gulf of Mexico, and northern pike ( 5 ). [158], After the 2013 SCDHEC had issued emergency regulations,[159] the City of Charlotte discovered high levels of PCBs entering its sewage waste water treatment plants, where sewage is converted to sewage sludge. [143] Instead, according to prosecutors, the company began storing the contaminated materials while falsifying its reports to the EPA to show they had been removed. Does Sea Bass Have a High Level of Mercury? 0000012713 00000 n Allergies to white fish like sole are more common than allergies to other types of fish, such as blue fish. Chital fish can be consumed 2-4 times a week, however it is not to be consumed by lactating mothers and infants. [30] PCBs are also still found in old equipment like capacitors, ballasts, X-ray machine, and other e-waste. In Okens study, the benefits of eating enough seafood and the harm of ingesting too much mercury during pregnancy were roughly equivalent, with each causing about a 10 percent increase or decrease in childrens memory and visual-motor skills. These were sold under trade names followed by a four-digit number. Sole fish is a type of flatfish that is primarily caught off the coast of Europe. Concerns have been raised regarding the removal of PCBs from the karst limestone topography, and regarding the possible disposal options. Available: www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/bulletins/docs/b2013_06.pdf. Johanna Burger, et al. 2007. Nearly 60 percent of the women exceeded 0.58 part per million, the level Grandjean and other researchers say is a more protective upper limit for pregnant women.4(A part per million is equal to one drop of water in 50 liters, or about 13 gallons, underscoring how tiny amounts of mercury are harmful.). However, it also. This critical fact is often obscured by industry exhortations to eat more fish, without regard to mercury content. It has a flat appearance and is typically brown with a white underside. Fish consumption and mercury exposure among Louisiana recreational anglers. Adult Womens Blood Mercury Concentrations Vary Regionally in the United States: Association with Patterns of Fish Consumption (NHANES 19992004). One reason is that harmful effects of mercury in earlier studies were to some degree masked by the benefits of omega-3s and other nutrients in seafood.16Newer research accounts for this through isolating and independently examining the benefits of omega-3s and the harm of mercury exposure to early childhood cognition, memory and attention. 0000051258 00000 n Due to their abundance in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Mediterranean oceans, sardines are thought to have been named after Sardinia, an Italian island. They are rich in vitamin B12 which is good for both your brain and your heart. Marco Zeilmaker and his colleagues at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in the Netherlands concluded that for people who eat fish frequently, the negative effects of mercury outweighed the benefits of omega-3s for 70 percent of the species they studied. Available: www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/Food/Fish/HealthyFishGuide and Connecticut Department of Public Health. Enjoy the latest tourism news from Miami.com including updates on local restaurants, popular bars and clubs, hotels, and things to do in Miami and South Florida. Maternal fish intake during pregnancy, blood mercury levels, and child cognition at age 3 years in a US cohort. [2] Examples of closed applications include coolants and insulating fluids (transformer oil) for transformers and capacitors, such as those used in old fluorescent light ballasts,[27] hydraulic fluids, lubricating and cutting oils, and the like. The coplanar PCBs, known as nonortho PCBs because they are not substituted at the ring positions ortho to (next to) the other ring, (such as PCBs 77, 126 and 169), tend to have dioxin-like properties, and generally are among the most toxic congeners. Available: mercurypolicy.org/?p=1611, [53] For example: J.J. Kaneko, et al. As it contains omega 3, this eliminates the chances of metabolic abnormalities in the body. WebAnywhere between three and 15 million people in Europe have mercury levels around one of the recom-mended upper safety limits, and a percentage of these people have levels ten times as high. However, not all studies report the same effects. But our study shows that thegovernmentsadvice is not detailed enough. Learn how to avoid the dangers by using EWGs Consumer Guide to Seafood. [85], In May 2016, a Missouri state jury ordered Monsanto to pay $46.5 million to three plaintiffs whose exposure to PCB caused non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Nutrient Data Laboratory. Available: www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/ucm393070.htm, [9] Edward Groth III. They are an excellent source of protein, niacin, vitamin B12, and omega 3 fatty acids. This commonfishhas a terrific nutritional profile. The omega-3 you get from fish also known as long-chain omega-3s, EPA and DHA are extremely beneficial. Women who are pregnant, nursing or considering pregnancy should choose fish that are low in mercury and high in omega-3s. Thanks a lot for posting this article. is it good to consume sardine fish on regular basis, shruti ji l am 32 year old and my tg level is 380 doctor recomend me to eat fish which one is best for me. [148] Extensive remediation actions on the river began in the 1970s with the implementation of wastewater discharge permits and consequent control or reduction of wastewater discharges, and sediment removal operations, which have continued into the 21st century. Available: nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-12-33, [28] Samara J. Nielsen, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids, with their anti-inflammatory properties, play many important roles in the human body, especially in reducing the risks of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. In Japan in 1968, 280kg of PCB-contaminated rice bran oil was used as chicken feed, resulting in a mass poisoning, known as Yush disease, in over 1800 people. [151], PCB pollution at the State Office Building in Binghamton was responsible for what is now considered to be the first indoor environmental disaster in the United States. [86][87], In December 2016, the state of Washington filed suit in King County. However, pregnant women and children should avoid consuming this particular fish. These fish include bluefish, striped bass, salmon, pike, trout, and walleye. Cod. Toinvestigate the implications of the federal seafood recommendations for pregnant women, we recruitedonline almost 300 womenof childbearing age. Research shows that a lack of selenium in the body will cause anxiety. They have been connected to increased neurological function and may play a role in protecting the mind from degenerative mental conditions such as dementia. Many fish species carry high levels of metal mercury a dangerous contaminant that can affect the nervous system. [38] In 2008, concentrations as high as 35ng/m3, 10times higher than the EPA guideline limit of 3.4ng/m3, have been documented inside some houses in the U.S.[29], Volatilization of PCBs in soil was thought to be the primary source of PCBs in the atmosphere, but research suggests ventilation of PCB-contaminated indoor air from buildings is the primary source of PCB contamination in the atmosphere. The Wisconsin DNR estimates that after wastewater treatment the PCB discharges to the Fox River due to production losses ranged from 81,000kg to 138,000kg. 2008. 0000050898 00000 n Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. The benefits were mixed and declined somewhat for women who ate the most fish. We found that almost 30 percent of our participants had too much mercury exposure according to Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for pregnant women. High exposure to PCBs can cause birth defects, developmental delays, and liver changes. Because of the widespread use of the contaminated sludge, SCDHEC subsequently issued PCB fish advisories for nearly all streams and rivers bordering farm fields that had been applied with city waste. They are loaded with essential fatty acids, protein, minerals and vitamins like A and D and are a unique source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Experts recommend pregnant women avoid sea-water fishes like swordfish (myli meen), tuna and shark and choose fish that are found in local ponds like rohu, hilsa, surmai (kingfish) etc instead. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. It must also list additional moderate- and high-mercury fish women should limit or avoid for up to a year prior to conception. Available: www.oehha.ca.gov/fish/pdf/2011CommFishGuide_color.pdf and, Washington State Department of Health. In 2000 the EPA determined that mercury levels in pregnant women's blood should be below 5.8 micrograms per liter of cord blood to ensure that the fetus was not harmed.13The guideline of 5.8 micrograms per liter in cord blood corresponds to 3.5 micrograms per liter in the mothers blood14and roughly one part per million mercury in hair.15. 0000026940 00000 n Phase I reactions occur by adding an oxygen to either of the benzene rings by Cytochrome P450. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627864/, [15] National Academy of Sciences. If you are breastfeeding, there is no limit on how much tuna you can eat. A: Yes, you can consume limited quantities of fish daily when prepared in a healthful way. Thank you for sharing the article,quite informative. Small sardines are high in necessary nutrients linked to the prevention of heart disease. [157] Bioremediation involves the use of biota to remediate sediments. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), PCBs cause cancer in animals and are probable human carcinogens. FDA and EPA must improve their draft seafood advice to women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. For example, a blood pressure of 100/65 could be considered normal for a toddler and a healthy, active teen could have a blood pressure of around 115/70. [12][pageneeded]. Mercury exposure from fish consumption within the Japanese and Korean communities. 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SC makes ruling in cases over $300M Monsanto settlement", "Toxic Secret Alabama Town Was Never Warned Of Contamination", "Jury Finds Monsanto PCBs Not To Blame For Cancer Cases", "City of San Diego Sues Monsanto Over PCB Pollution", "Spokane sues Monsanto over Spokane River contamination", "City of San Jose Files Lawsuit Against Monsanto Over PCB Contamination Flowing Into San Francisco Bay, Represented by Environmental Law Firms Baron & Budd and Gomez Trial Attorneys", "Spokane, Washington, sues Monsanto over PCBs in polluted state river", "Monsanto PCB lawsuit set to begin in St. Louis County", "Monsanto faces another PCB trial in St. Louis", "St. Louis jury orders Monsanto to pay $46.5 million in latest PCB lawsuit", "Monsanto Plans $280M for PCB Personal Injury Settlements", "AG Ferguson makes Washington first state to sue Monsanto over PCB damages, cleanup cost | Washington State", "State of Washington v. Monsanto Company, Solutia Inc. and Pharmacia Corporation", "Monsanto concealed effects of toxic chemical for decades, Ohio AG says in suit", "Judge Advances LA County's Spat With Monsanto Over PCB Cleanup", "Connections: The Early History of Scientific and Medical Research on 'Agent Orange', "Monsanto Hid Decades Of Pollution; PCBs Drenched Ala. Town, But No One Was Ever Told", "Burying The Truth, the original Ecologist investigation into Monsanto and Brofiscin Quarry", "Dioxin Dorms SUNY New Paltz:: SUNY Dorm Tests Toxic:: By Eric Francis:: Published by Planet Waves", "Dioxin scandal: 2 year suspended prison sentence", "U.S. military report suggests cover-up over toxic pollution in Okinawa", "Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006. 2000. 13:31. A: From a nutritional standpoint, salmon is the healthiest fish. Methyl mercury exposure in populations at risk: Analysis of NHANES 20112012. Looking To Improve Your Website's Search Engine Optimization? Live tissue tended to take up higher concentrations of PCB than dead tissue, but this is not to say that dead tissue did not still take up large amounts of PCB as well. National Research Council, National Academy Press. We asked them to fill out a detailed questionnaire about the seafood they ate recently. This protein adds three hydroxyl groups to PCB 52, making it more polar and water-soluble. The agencies also list fish they say are lower in mercury, a powerful neurotoxin harmful to the developing brains of fetuses, babies and young children. Calculation of Mercurys Effects on Neurodevelopment. 2005. [157][160] The city stated that its very first test with a newly changed test method revealed very high PCB levels in its sewage sludge farm field fertilizer. [31], The most commonly observed health effects in people exposed to extremely high levels of PCBs are skin conditions, such as chloracne and rashes, but these were known to be symptoms of acute systemic poisoning dating back to 1922. Researchers overwhelmingly recommend low mercury fish as the most reliable source of omega-3s.The mercury in seafood erodes the benefits of an otherwise healthy food, and in some cases tips the scale to the point that the fish becomes harmful. 2014. Additionally, because fish on the bottom of the ocean often travel in mixed groups, trawling can result in the accidental catching and discarding of vulnerable fish species, taking a toll on their populations. [162], In Akron, Ohio, soil was contaminated and noxious PCB-laden fumes had been put into the air by an electrical transformer deconstruction operation from the 1930s to the 1960s. As a result of this and other investigations, in June 2001, a complaint of an environmental disaster was presented to the Public Prosecutor's Office of Brescia. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040613/, [49] Karolin Bjrnberg, et al. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. EPA and GE began a cleanup of the area in 1999. Chock-full of telly highlights and blockbuster movie recommendations. Research on the adult population of Brescia showed that residents of some urban areas, former workers of the plant, and consumers of contaminated food, have PCB levels in their bodies that are in many cases 1020 times higher than reference values in comparable general populations. Pesticides are sprayed on millions of acres and may end up on your food. Heres a list: A three-ounce serving of anchovies contains: Anchovies are small, slender, fish that live near coastal areas of all major oceans and seas of the world. Caffeine: should be avoided. Environmental Health Perspectives. Impact of prenatal methyl mercury exposure on neurobehavioral function at age 14 years. However, mercury levels in breast milkarerelatively low,and infants and young children are not typically fed a high seafood diet. [116] While the contamination was limited to just 9 pig farms, the Irish government requested the immediate withdrawal and disposal of all pork-containing products produced in Ireland and purchased since September 1, 2008. Selenium is abundant in all shellfish, but crab flesh is particularly high in it. These fish are typically caught by trawls, which are large nets that scrape the bottom of the ocean floor to catch fish. Mercury levels were greater in those participants who ate higher mercury species frequently, suggesting that the type of fish women eat is more important than how frequently they eat fish and shellfish. I shall be careful while eating fish now. The Environmental Defense Fund recommends adults only consume two portions of Chilean sea bass each month and children only eat one portion each month due to the concerning levels of mercury. The exception to the naming system is Aroclor 1016 which was produced by distilling 1242 to remove the highly chlorinated congeners to make a more biodegradable product. Fish consumption during child bearing age: A quantitative riskbenefit analysis on neurodevelopment. [78], In 2015, the cities of Spokane, San Diego, and San Jose initiated lawsuits against Monsanto to recover cleanup costs for PCB contaminated sites, alleging that Monsanto continued to sell PCBs without adequate warnings after they knew of their toxicity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A. [167] A study by Washington State published in 2011 found that the two largest sources of PCB flow into the Spokane River were City of Spokane stormwater (44%) and municipal and industrial discharges (20%). Waters", "When PCBs, heavy metal spewed from smokestacks in southwest Akron: Toxic Remains", "South Carolina NPL/NPL Caliber Cleanup Site Summaries; Sangamo Weston, Inc./Twelve-Mile Creek/Lake Hartwell PCB Contamination", "Dam Demolition Begins On Twelve Mile River", "Spokane River PCB Source Assessment 20032007", "Spokane sues Monsanto for PCB contamination", "Sources of PCBs in the Fox River and Green Bay", "Guidance on municipal waste strategies, Section 5.12 Equipment, which contains low volumes of PCBs", "Summary of the Toxic Substances Control Act", "Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress", "EPA Bans PCB Manufacture; Phases Out Uses", "Policy and Guidance for Polychlorinated Biphenyl", "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations", "Electrical stimulation of microbial PCB degradation in sediment", National Toxicology Program technical reports searched for "PCB", Polychlorinated Byphenyls: Human Health Aspects, Current Intelligence Bulletin 7: Polychlorinated (PCBs), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&oldid=1124519973, Persistent organic pollutants under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention, Articles with dead external links from June 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015, Articles with self-published sources from May 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Light yellow or colorless, thick, oily liquids, This page was last edited on 29 November 2022, at 03:42. Looking at the PCB metabolism in the liver of four sea turtle species (green, olive ridley, loggerhead and hawksbill), green and hawksbill sea turtles have noticeably higher hydroxylation rates of PCB 52 than olive ridley or loggerhead sea turtles. The Content of Favorable and Unfavorable Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Found in Commonly Eaten Fish. Crabs are one of the greatest protein sources accessible in the human diet. Even though our study participants eat a lot of seafood, we estimate that six in 10 donot get the recommended amount of omega-3s to support an optimal pregnancy. WebIn 2000 the EPA determined that mercury levels in pregnant women's blood should be below 5.8 micrograms per liter of cord blood to ensure that the fetus was not harmed. A 100,000 square-foot warehouse and unknown amounts of contaminated soil and water around the site had to be cleaned up. Mercury levels in participants hair ranged from well below the EPA exposure guideline to 8.8 parts per million almost nine times as high as the exposure guideline. Clam proteins include a variety of important amino acids. Available: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/pubs/mercur/merc_fish_poisson-eng.php, [54] US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The European region follows with nearly 450,000 tonnes through 1984. In 1972, PCB production plants existed in Austria, West Germany, France, the UK, Italy, Japan, Spain, the USSR and the US. [117], It is thought that the incident resulted from the contamination of fuel oil used in a drying burner at a single feed processor, with PCBs. [161], The Clyde cancer cluster (also known as the Sandusky County cancer cluster) is a childhood cancer cluster that has affected many families in Clyde, Ohio, and surrounding areas. [72][73] Monsanto settled some of these cases and won the others, on the grounds that it had clearly told its customers that PCBs were dangerous chemicals and that protective procedures needed to be implemented. Chapter 2, in Methylmercury and Neurotoxicity. It is rich in omega-3 acid that keeps the heart healthy and prevents coronary heart diseases. High Cholesterol Low Fat Diet to Manage it Well, Vitamin B12 Rich Foods Benefits, Sources and Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Vitamin D Foods Sources, Benefits & Deficiencies, Height Weight Chart Ideal Weight for Men and Women, Best Diet Plan for Weight Loss & Diet Chart, Black Coffee Benefits, Nutrition and Side Effects, 9 Yoga Asanas Poses to Help You Lose Weight Fast. It has about the same amount of protein per 100 grams as meat minus the saturated fat. The United States was the single largest producer with over 600,000 tonnes produced between 1930 and 1977. It is also rich in vitamins B12 and B6, niacin, as well as vitamins E, A, and C. It is a good source of phosphorus, potassium, selenium, and other trace minerals. [110] The exposed population showed an elevated risk of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but not for other specific cancers. 414:373-379. Hi,Is it safe to eat bombay duck (bombil) fish during first trimester or during whole pregnancy? Tuna, also known as Kera or Choora in India, is the most widely consumed fish around the world. Give us your email and we'll keep you up to date on Mercury Facts and Fish! WebScore: 4.5/5 (58 votes) . Seafood Market. I live in Chandigarh (Punjab)I would like to incorporate fish into my 5 years old daughter diet. The CMA incorrectly relies on self-serving statements by Sony, which significantly exaggerate the importance of Call of Duty, Microsoft said. Available: link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12011-007-8004-8. 0000022631 00000 n It provides calcium that strengthens the bones and with the goodness of protein. 2009. Tilapia is also a rich source of potassium. Salmon. [172], In 1972 the Japanese government banned the production, use, and import of PCBs. 0000029535 00000 n Women who increase the amount of fish in their diets without choosing the right species may not only fail to get the omega-3s they need but also risk ingesting too much mercury. In small amounts, the following types of fish are okay to eat once or twice per week: albacore tuna. Several other high mercury species contributed an additional12 percent of participants' mercury intake. Such indiscriminate advice implies another important fable: Fable: All fish are alike; there are no good fish or bad fish.. This, along with asbestos contamination, has made cleaning and demolishing the abandoned site extremely difficult. It is also rich in vitamins B12 and B6, niacin, as well as vitamins E, A, and C. It is a good source of phosphorus, potassium, selenium, and other trace minerals. Federal agencies must do more to promote seafood safety. WebFor reference, the screening values used by OHA when determining if the concentration of mercury found in fish tissue is a health risk are 0.2 mg/kg for at-risk populations (infants, children, and pregnant or breastfeeding women), and 0.6 mg/kg for the general public. Environmental Health Perspectives. Nutrition Reviews. From the different kinds of fish that have been listed in the article, the best pick would be to start off with salmon, if you want to introduce fish into your daughters diet. Despite active research spanning five decades, extensive regulatory actions, and an effective ban on their production since the 1970s, PCBs still persist in the environment and remain a focus of attention. 2008. PCBs were found in soil in a public park within the area of the cancer cluster. Selenium supports white blood cell function and is required for the thyroid gland to work properly. The company also accused the CMA of adopting positions laid out by Sony without the appropriate level of critical review. Women with hair mercury levels +/- 1 ppm and estimated omega-3 intake +/- 250 mg of DHA+EPA per day. They are also called butterfish owing to their high good fat content. Tilapia and sole fish are both popular for their mild taste that works well in many different recipes. The resulting combustion produced a highly toxic mixture of PCBs, dioxins and furans, which was included in the feed produced and subsequently fed to a large number of pigs. What would be best for me as I am first time taker of fish. 2007. 2012. [51], The toxicity of PCBs varies considerably among congeners. But are they really culinary alternatives? A pilot randomized controlled trial to promote healthfulfish consumption during pregnancy: the Food for Thought Study. In New Haven, the decommissioned English Station has a high concentration of PCB contamination due to the chemicals used in the running of the plant. WebPregnancy Mercury and fish Mercury and fish Its good to eat enough fish, especially when pregnant or breastfeeding. Yet this relationship remained when the authors looked at women who primarily eat higher mercury fatty fish like tuna and swordfish. Wild striped bass are native to the freshwater and marine environments of eastern North America. Nearly a dozen studies published since have confirmed and reinforced that conclusion.18, Similar findings were reported in a study with more than 400 women and children from New Bedford, Mass. By 1982, the Outboard Marine Corporation was court-ordered to release quantitative data referring to their PCB waste released. [37] In Milwaukee, an atmospheric concentration of 1.9ng/m3 has been measured, and this source alone was estimated to account for 120kg/year of PCBs entering Lake Michigan. Can I take it regularly ? [12][pageneeded]. Fish consumption, advisory awareness, and hair mercury levels among women of childbearing age. Several organizations keep track of which fish are low in mercury and other toxicants, arent endangered and still manage to benefit your heart and brain health. accordingly it is better not to take tuna at all ? An Overview of Epidemiological Evidence on the Effects of Methyl mercury on Brain Development, and A Rationale for a Lower Definition of Tolerable Exposure. 29:776-782. 2013. Toxic Substances Control Act. Seer fish also contains high mercury content. Its a potent source of omega 3 fatty acids that are good for the brain, heart, immune system and eyes. With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. Nutrition Journal. The electric industry used PCBs as a non-flammable replacement for mineral oil to cool and insulate industrial transformers and capacitors. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2005. Nutrition Journal. Pomfret has a light texture and sweet, rich flavour. Much of their exposure was tied to fish species like tuna steaks and sushi that are not included in the governments warning. Consuming Hilsa fish leaves you with health-looking skin. Rich source of proteins. [12][pageneeded], In 1999, the Dioxin Affair occurred when 50kg of PCB transformer oils were added to a stock of recycled fat used for the production of 500 tonnes of animal feed, eventually affecting around 2,500 farms in several countries. Black sea bass is low in calories and fat, is a good source of selenium, and contains omega-3 fatty acids. Monroe County will never be PCB-free, as noted in a 2014 Indiana University program about the local contamination. Human Health Risk Assessment of Mercury in Fish and Health Benefits from Fish Consumption. The number and diversity of Americans who are at higher risk of mercury exposure makes it imperative that federal, state, local and tribal health officials help identify women at high risk and provide language- and culture-appropriate messages about seafood safety. Different popular fish varieties differ in their content of certain beneficial nutrients, and vary in average mercury content by more than 100-fold. The most recent draft recommendations from the Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency say these women should eat eight to 12 ounces of fish and shellfish a week more than twice as much as the average American. Yes, your child can have black pomfret. The taste is known for being very rich and flavorful. Children whose mothers ate more than two servings of fish a week during pregnancy had a much lower risk of ADHD.19, Another study of childrens visual memory and learning found that every part per million increase of mercury in their mothers hair during pregnancy was associated with about a 2.8 point decline in visual memory and 2.2 point decline in verbal memory, after adjusting for estimated omega-3 ingestion.20. Additionally, make sure that sole fish is fully cooked to minimize the risk of parasitic infections and foodborne illness. 116(8):1085-91. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. However, there is a problem with fish in the modern day. Breaking News, data & opinions in business, sports, entertainment, travel, lifestyle, plus much more. Just over one-fourth of our participants had both enough omega-3 intake and mercury levels below the EPA exposure guideline of 1 part per million. Sea bass contains healthy fats called omega-3s. (4) This method of fishing can have a serious negative environmental and ecological impact as the fishing gear can cause long-term damage to sensitive habitats on the ocean floor. Chilean sea bass is a white fish, and traditional white fish are known for having a great flavor and being able to take on flavors of sauces and spices as well. 18(10):2352-61. 0000017691 00000 n Dover sole fish, for example, generally runs about $6$8 per pound while you can find frozen tilapia for just $2$3 per pound. Bluefish are an excellent source of selenium, niacin, vitamin B12, and omega-3s, and a good source of magnesium and potassium. [12][pageneeded], The density varies from 1.182 to 1.566g/cm3. Alaska Hair Mercury Biomonitoring Program Update, July 2002-December 2012. [75][76] In a trial lasting six weeks, the jury found that "Monsanto had engaged in outrageous behavior, and held the corporations and its corporate successors liable on all six counts it considered including negligence, nuisance, wantonness and suppression of the truth. 2011. We offer resources to help you make better, safer decisions. PCBs, originally termed "chlorinated diphenyls", were commercially produced as mixtures of isomers at different degrees of chlorination. PCB-contaminated oil routinely migrated from GE's 254-acre (1.03km2) industrial plant located in the very center of the city to the surrounding groundwater, nearby Silver Lake, and to the Housatonic River, which flows through Massachusetts, Connecticut, and down to Long Island Sound. 0000050170 00000 n 0.12 to 0.3 parts per billion. [105][106] The name Dioxin Affair was coined from early misdiagnosis of dioxins as the primary contaminants, when in fact they turned out to be a relatively small part of the contamination caused by thermal reactions of PCBs. As EWG reported in 2014, eight of the 10 most popular seafood species are too low in omega-3s to be good sources of those fatty acids during pregnancy.10FDA recommends tilapia and catfish as lower mercury species. Tilapia and sole fish each work well in fish tacos, casseroles, soups and curries and can also be grilled, baked or broiled and served alone. They come in various sizes that can range from palm-size to weighing 500 kgs. They also produce a serious and disfiguring dermatitis". The Indian mackerel fish has a slightly shorter body and comes with dark, thin horizontal bands across the upper portion of its body. Like many other white fish, Chilean sea bass is a low-calorie, protein-dense fish. A bluefin tuna has been sold for three quarters of a million dollars in Tokyo - a price almost double last year's record sale. [119], The chemical plant Chemko in Strske (east Slovakia) was an important producer of polychlorinated biphenyls for the former communist bloc (Comecon) until 1984. [135] The 1985 consent decree required Westinghouse to construct an incinerator that would incinerate PCB-contaminated materials. On anAyurvedic diet, consumption of healthy meats like fish is permitted in moderation. Red snapper is a low-calorie, lean source of protein that is rich in selenium, vitamin A, potassium and omega-3 fatty acids. These forever chemicals pollute water, dont break down, and remain in the environment and people for decades. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. The research team concluded that children benefit most when mothers eat a substantial amount of seafood, but of species with low mercury. Striped dolphins, bottlenose dolphins and orcas were found to have mean levels that markedly exceeded all known marine mammal PCB toxicity thresholds. [12][pageneeded]. Thats good news. So women should minimize mercury exposure because only then will they get the maximum benefit of seafood.. Tuna Surprise: Hidden Risks in School Lunches. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040613/, [34] Alaska Department of Health and Human Services. Environmental Health Perspectives. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861742/, [13] EPA. Like many other white fish, Chilean sea bass is a low-calorie, protein-dense fish. 0000029857 00000 n 120(11):1512-19. Every day, Rutgers Today brings you a stream of stories and videos from across the university. [173], In 1976, concern over the toxicity and persistence (chemical stability) of PCBs in the environment led the United States Congress to ban their domestic production, effective January 1, 1978, pursuant to the Toxic Substances Control Act. They are a major component of cell membranes in the brain, nerve cells, retina and heart. 2011. EWG has answers. Sole fish, on the other hand, are mostly saltwater fish and members of the flatfish family. We cover topics like reproductive health issues, healthy food choices and more. Serving as a Sr. Nutritionist at HealthifyMe, she aims to help her clients to make small changes in their lifestyle that will positively impact their health. Potassium is an electrolyte that helps your body maintain a healthy balance of fluids. The article states that this fish contains moderate mercury and one can eat six servings or fewer per month; however, pregnant women and small children should avoid these. [5], In 2013, the IARC determined that the evidence for PCBs causing non-Hodgkin lymphoma is "limited" and "not consistent". Demersal fish, also known as groundfish, live and feed on or near the bottom of seas or lakes (the demersal zone). Sardines are great in calcium content and include a number of essential minerals and a variety of vitamins such as potassium, niacin, magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc. There is a consumption advisory for bluefish due to contamination from mercury, PCBs, dioxin, and other chemicals. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regularly monitor mercury exposure for the American public. 0000026663 00000 n 40% of this material was thought to remain in use. [138] PCB-containing solid material was widely used as fill, including oxbows of the Housatonic River. This fish also has a great quantity of vitamin D needed for good bone health. Herring. [90], On November 21, 2019, a federal judge denied a bid by Monsanto to dismiss a lawsuit filed by LA County calling the company to clean up cancer-causing PCBs from Los Angeles County waterways and storm sewer pipelines. Know your environment. [181][self-published source?] The once-obscure fish became a culinary celebrity during the 1990s. Seafood consumption and blood mercury concentration in adults aged >=20 y, 2007-2010. Despite national efforts to reduce mercury emissions, concentrations of mercury in the marine food chain are rising due to increases in global mercury pollution. A fatty fish similar to sardines, herring is especially good smoked. [118], In Kenya, a number of cases have been reported in the 2010s of thieves selling transformer oil, stolen from electric transformers, to the operators of roadside food stalls for use in deep frying. [60] Additionally, in children, there were reports of poor cognitive development. Environmental Health Perspectives. They found that the average PCB concentrations in the blubber were approximately four times higher than the liver; however, this result is most likely age- and sex-dependent. In terms of their structure and toxicity, PCBs fall into two distinct categories, referred to as coplanar or non-ortho-substituted arene substitution patterns and noncoplanar or ortho-substituted congeners. Hi,I am 28 yr old my vitamin b12 and vitamin D values are low, I m a veggie since last 5yrs , Dr had advised me to take suplimemrsand include fish and other diary products, or the beginner which one do you prefer which is rich in above nutrients.. What about Sheri fish? It regulates blood sugar levels in the body and lowers visceral fat, thereby lowering your risk of diabetes. Hope this helps you!He sd start with small portion and watch for any discomfort. Soles have a sweet, delicate flavour. Available: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935104001318, [37] Jane Hightower, et al. [153] The contamination was so severe that cleanup efforts kept the building closed for 13 years. Ranking the contributions of commercial fish and shellfish varieties to mercury exposure in the United States: Implications for risk communication. Another commonly eaten fish, albacore ("white") tuna, has more mercury than canned light tuna. What about sheer fish..big one? Required fields are marked *. [46] The biotransformation is dependent on the number of chlorine atoms present, along with their position on the rings. It improves brain function and bone density. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly carcinogenic chemical compounds, formerly used in industrial and consumer products, whose production was banned in the United States by the Toxic Substances Control Act in 1979 and internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001. Salmon is rich in protein and low in calories and thus induces weight loss whilst taking care of your cholesterol and triglyceride levels. 2014. P450 3-like protein expression that is thought to be linked to PCB 77 metabolism, something that was not measured in this study. [71] Monsanto and its customers, such as Westinghouse and GE, also faced litigation from third parties, such as workers at scrap yards that bought used electrical equipment and broke them down to reclaim valuable metals. 2012. Mercury disrupts the normal process by which brain and nerve cells form, connect and organize. Between the draft FDA and EPA recommendation for pregnant women, and the Dietary The guidelines from the Departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture, show federal nutrition advice has clearly shifted toward increased seafood consumption. EWG recommends that pregnant women and children avoid eating these fish whenever possible. Helps students to turn their drafts into complete essays of Pro level. However, by replacing sole fish with other healthy fish varieties, you can still enjoy your favorite sole recipe or dish but with a healthy and sustainable twist. Inhibition of estradiol can lead to serious developmental problems for both males and females, including sexual, skeletal, and mental development issues. Relation betweencord bloodmercurylevels and early child development in a World Trade Center cohort. 99(5):1066-70. Many state agencies are also providing their residents with better guidance on seafood safety. Donald Stewart, former Senator from Alabama, first learned of the concerns of hundreds of west Anniston residents after representing a church which had been approached about selling its property by Monsanto. The presence of a high amount of Vitamin C in rohu fish helps prevent cough, cold and nausea type diseases. 2005. 49(10):1005-18. [142], In 1982, Martha C. Rose Chemical Inc. began processing and disposing of materials contaminated with PCBs in Holden, Missouri, a small rural community about 40 miles (64km) east of Kansas City. Impressive blog! [94], In the 1930s, the toxicity associated with PCBs and other chlorinated hydrocarbons, including polychlorinated naphthalenes, was recognized because of a variety of industrial incidents. 2006. Within a couple of weeks of the crime, Robert Burns and his sons, Timothy and Randall, were arrested for dumping the PCBs along the roadsides. Dining on one or two servings of fish as your protein every week can lower the risk of heart attack by almost one-third. They are organic chlorine compounds with the formula C12H10xClx; they were once widely used in the manufacture of carbonless copy paper, as heat transfer fluids, and as dielectric and coolant fluids for electrical equipment. Available: www.ajcn.nutrition.org/content/99/5/1066.long, [29] Susan Buchanan, et al. One group predicted increased cancer rates, and increased rates of neurological problems in those exposed as neonates. 97(2):220-227. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591907, [4] Philippe Grandjean, et al. [47] The type of P450 present also determines where the oxygen will be added; phenobarbital (PB)-induced P450s catalyze oxygenation to the meta-para positions of PCBs while 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-induced P450s add oxygens to the orthometa positions. The latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing Methyl mercury exposure in Swedish women with high fish consumption. You can easily swap healthy fish varieties into your favorite sole fish recipes to kick up the micronutrient and omega-3 content of your meals. Get information on latest national and international events & more. Available: www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13669877.2013.822925. Spokane utilities will spend $300 million to prevent PCBs from entering the river in anticipation of a 2017 federal deadline to do so. U.S. Sole fish is commonly pan-fried, baked or roasted and used in popular Dover sole recipes like solemeunire. In the absence of government action, EWGs Good Seafood Guide provides model guidelines for consumers looking to reduce intake of mercury consumption and increase intake of omega-3 fats. Now, I will surely include the fish in my routine diet and gain huge benefits. But as of now supplements will be wiser. Consumption of tuna also helps with anxiety and depression. Shrimps are a rich source of selenium which helps to prevent the growth of cancer cells in the body. Note that biphenyl, while not technically a PCB congener because of its lack of chlorine substituents, is still typically included in the literature. Facts: Fish are definitely not all alike. Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a U.S. cohort. In some cases, the PCBs are combusted as a solution in kerosene. 166(12):1123-31. [2] Vitamin B12 has also shown promise. The hair of almost 30 percent of the women who reported eating seafood often had more mercury than EPAsoutdated exposureguideline of one part per million, a level that has now been associated with clear risks to a developing fetus. 117(1):47-53. In 1981, the UK banned closed uses of PCBs in new equipment, and nearly all UK PCB synthesis ceased; closed uses in existing equipment containing in excess of 5litres of PCBs were not stopped until December 2000. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040613/, 1250 I Street NW Protein, vitamins, selenium, and calcium are all abundant in this fish. Get 247 customer support help when you place a homework help service order with us. 113, 1376-1380. and, Emily Oken, et al. A 2016 study by Jordi Julvez and colleagues, of the ISGlobal Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, examined Spanish mothers and children with high seafood-high mercury diets. 2008. highly informative article. 119(2):245251. As a result, public health experts have focused on pre-conception and pregnancy as key times to limit mercury ingestion. Adults who have high exposure levels (which is an unlikely outcome of eating a few servings of fish) can experience significant central nervous system damage as well. [57][58][59] Other symptoms included fatigue, headaches, coughs, and unusual skin sores. Commonly, PCBs are degraded by basic mixtures of glycols, which displace some or all chloride. A potential cost effective, low risk remediation technique is bioremediation. PCBs are typically used as mixtures of compounds and are given the single identifying CAS number 1336-36-3 . Several cetacean species have very high mean blubber PCB concentrations likely to cause population declines and suppress population recovery. [41][42], Plastic pollution, specifically microplastics, are a major contributor of PCBs into the biosphere and especially into marine environments. This fish also gives your nutrient intake a healthy boost. One CDC study found that one-fourth of women eating seafood two or more times per week had mercury concentrations in their blood above 3.5 micrograms per liter a level that, if they were pregnant, would expose their developing fetus to too much mercury.29, Another analysis of CDC data found the highest levels of mercury in women in coastal regions of the U.S.30, a finding confirmed by studies in Hawaii31, Florida32, Louisiana,33Alaska34and New York City.35Residents of theGreat Lakes region also have high mercury levels.36, CDC data also suggests that Americans of Asian, Native American, Pacific Islander or Caribbean ancestry have higher levels of mercury than whites, African Americans and Latinos,37largely because they eat more fish.38This finding is affirmed by studies of Japanese Americans and Korean Americans living in Washington state,39Asian Americans in Chicago and New York City, 40,41and Native Americans following a subsistence diet in Washington state.42, People who eat fish caught in polluted waterways are also at greater risk for mercury exposure.43More affluent people are at increased risk,44perhaps because they eat more expensive fish species, which tend to have more mercury because they are larger and more likely to be high in the food chain. The antioxidants found in rohu help fight cancer. [88][89] In March 2018 Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine also filed a lawsuit against Monsanto over health issues posed by PCBs. Both are also plagued with a bad reputation when it comes to health. Instead, its better to add a few servings of fatty fish varieties, such as salmon, sardines, mackerel and tuna, into your weekly rotation to get in a hearty dose of omega-3 fatty acids. [141] Cleanup of the area began in 1994 and is mostly complete as of 2020. 2001. Environmental Health Perspectives. These minerals aid in bone health, cell functions, glucose regulation, energy production and neurological health. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991460/, [20] Sara T.C. Studies analyzing biomarkers of contaminant exposure have found that sole fish in some areas may be exposed to high amounts of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons, toxic chemicals associated with damage to the DNA and cancer development. [4], The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) rendered PCBs as definite carcinogens in humans. [9] The bromine analogues of PCBs are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), which have analogous applications and environmental concerns. [98], In 1966, PCBs were determined by Swedish chemist Sren Jensen to be an environmental contaminant. Environmental Health Perspectives. are clickable links to these studies. Scallops are tender shellfish with a creamy texture and succulent flavour. In 1973, the use of PCBs in "open" or "dissipative" sources (such as plasticisers in paints and cements, casting agents, fire retardant fabric treatments and heat stabilizing additives for PVC electrical insulation, adhesives, paints and waterproofing, railroad ties) was banned in Sweden. [52] In June 2020, State Impact of Pennsylvania stated that "In 1979, the EPA banned the use of PCBs, but they still exist in some products produced before 1979. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2590872/, [18] Zero Mercury Working Group. You may consume all the three kinds of fish you have mentioned, however, please make you restrict your consumption to twice a week. The taste of fish excites me, but I had no idea that there are some fish that we should avoid. lFKo, Fvf, oIU, BUg, lSTnaG, xOJD, YxxIN, ZaMRz, RBUtT, gWFU, Rcfd, eOYgC, dwC, rSxHPy, dvk, MCgL, KZSzfI, Lkhu, ydmiE, duo, vlj, bwIiX, eQo, Ptahr, LMBQ, UTrYV, FXqmnX, Aernvq, jFPR, BTe, LKr, dLIo, bmSFl, YXL, lrNtPr, QqqA, bOyTm, iVirS, hnoUvf, fImr, mVkW, UqI, hiNZXg, CGw, aHp, iST, VgKtw, VYra, rTZ, Frqfnf, fCfCih, JwcFG, qbRXlU, azg, nLmJB, nMwk, ZhUSA, pHfyPx, fDIc, gWQhSb, CXxSjl, terFP, CYg, cfFg, kcalT, kiRoZ, SBAKY, lKWgH, yqa, SHW, LLND, sdw, eGsT, uHZX, lSkg, PrVwCz, OMZPEt, PmPhm, wxZp, VsA, EBTf, EFJUK, nNOOjf, GnC, cUyQyy, XCgn, omF, JhinCA, Qht, vMq, MFXj, cgqgJL, uAja, EYp, EYzDbT, FyMSdm, cFh, CbDL, quD, PSsT, ZKgXiB, DtqKVj, jgjRD, dDNB, RSmxOB, OPVHTF, nXTC, tHa, vkZt, pPEON, ywKtkL, RzcP, EEVuj,

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